Healthy Living Report free essay sample

Healthy livingâ€Å" Campaign report 1. Background research to the issue To find the way linked to my group topic and target made us to meet many times and discuss about social issues among students and young people. It made my group to think a lot what topic for campaign would be interesting to us – while working for this, and similarly what would be interesting for other people especially for students in Middlesex University. First of all, everyone in my group pay attention on unhealthy food and ingredients which make daily food able to be fresh for long term and even dangerous. My group decided to start doing campaign â€Å"tricky food† and we all fell into research on dangerous ingredients in popular supermarkets’ food. As we published in our Wiki page â€Å"Unhealthy substitutes used in food production† had to be our campaign stage. (Wiki, ResearchS08G1). From long list of various chemicals and acids which are used in food our group made a decision to focus on Aspartame the most. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Living Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aspartame is artificial sweetener which is 200 times sweeter than sugar and commonly used in food industry. In the internet is not difficult to find many articles and discussions about it, some people claim that it is very dangerous to human’s health because of its force to cause cancer, nerve disorders, birth defects and other healthy imbalances. From the other side of view, probably from the business side, some people are ready to prove that aspartame is not so bad, the right amount of it in food is not dangerous and it is cheaper to use in food industry than sugar. However, this sweetener is widely used and found in drinks such as diet coke, energy drinks and even some juice. In the United States aspartame is regulated by FDA – Food and Drug Administration which has set the ADI (acceptable daily intake) for aspartame 50mg/kg and similarly in the European Union – by European Food Safety Authority ADI is 40mg/kg. (American Cancer Society, Learn About Cancer 2011). Well, when the national administration has set the secure quantity of this sweetener it became allowable to use it in food widely. Due to that my group decided that there are no argues with food industry and during our campaign it is hard to change sweeteners usage in nourishment and we made another decision: to change campaign topic and target substantially. Every one of us is surrounded by bright adverts and slogans to be eco-friendly, to eat healthy food, to avoid junk food, to choose food without any preservatives and so on. My group and I also decided to join in those who are providing healthy living style. We started to do another research linked to it, to search what vitamins human need to recover healthy organism after winter and which fruit and vegetables have beneficial vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Also very important issue that UK is on the leading position in regards to obese citizens in Europe (Wiki, ResearchS08G1). Regarding to New York Times (2010, The World is Fat) in almost half of developed countries, one out of every two people is overweight or obese. In the figure is clearly visible that England was and will be second nation after United States which has overweight, till 2020 it can reach 70 per cent limit! These facts made us to take care for obese issue in United Kingdom. As a united group of different countries: two Lithuanians, Polish and two English we see our target to start informing students about this growing problem by providing healthy eating habits and healthy life style including exercises and view of it. 2. Process of campaign planning Firstly, we had chosen to run the campaign about â€Å"tricky food† and especially aspartame but as I mentioned in the first part of report, during the research we found facts that aspartame is legal sweetener and the right amount of it is not dangerous to human’s health. With our campaign we would be having too less force and evidence in order to avoid this sweetener use in food industry. Regarding to this, we left the idea about tricky food and during more than two meetings we were discussing about many topics which could be interesting and worthy to pay attention. It was not easy part of planning our campaign because we all understood that to find the topic with strong target and serious attitude it is difficult. We mentioned points such as how we could include more people to our team, how we could represent information for them and for our university, should we stay only in university or shall we go further: inform people about issue in our living areas, in the social websites, etc. how we could do our event and what to do so as to attract an attention. We were sure that we will have leaflets with useful information, that we will set up facebook page for our campaign and we will do our event in the university. In our meeting we had not have one  person as a chairperson, we all were equivalent and we all were suggesting our ideas. My idea was to look deeper how we are living, what are ours daily diet, daily routine – are we healthy enough or should we change something in our lives. While suggesting the topic Healthy living I also had an idea to raise the charity fund. Even more, to visit children schools or other meeting places and inform them about our campaign and targets. Unfortun ately, I had not got any assent from my team members for this action. However, I sent some emails to charities such as British Red Cross and Save the Children. I informed them about our campaign and targets, mentioned that we would like to do our campaign as a charity. While giving healthy food (fruit or veg) in university my team could collect some donation for one of the charities and later we could collaborate by doing volunteering jobs or events providing healthy living. I have got an answer from British Red Cross, they were interesting in our action and targets. Unfortunately, I had got that answer too late because we were already doing our campaign on ourselves without any outside organizations. 3. Work as a group From my view at this point I am quite happy while working with my group. As in every team work we faced with some advantages and disadvantages but the final result was nice. The best times and really strong team work were when all group members were attending the meetings. Sure, it had happen only few times, however, those meetings were pretty good. We had never have any argues or complaints, our discussions were always polite and with respect to each other. We always listened to each other’s ideas and discussed them together with giving some agreements or reasoned rejections. Usually our meetings were with three attended group members. Nevertheless, we were able to consider what would be the next step, what research we had to do until next meeting and all jobs or duties were apportion between every team member equally. Even more, if we were having enough spare time after meeting, some of us were going to library to do research together or to write down the minutes into the wiki page. For more questions or advice we were chatting online, by sending emails we arranged for the next meeting. On the other hand, this low attendance made some difficulties to organize all team work, it always takes time to text messages to inform other members about further actions. Because everyone has jobs it was difficult to find right times in order to meet all together, some group members were paying more attention for their jobs than to studies and especially for this campaign. Due to these issues our campaign was small and weak, its background were just two people who pay more attention to every organizing step. 4. Your action I value my action in the group as big part of whole campaign. The background and topic of Healthy living was my idea suggested in the group meeting. I came with the wide idea of it and I had some plans how to reach the main aim. As I mentioned above, I offered to do a campaign as a charity: while providing fruit or vegetables for students we can collect donation for a charity, later collaborate with that organization and hope for getting some support. Personally I always like to communicate with organizations such as charities or other help centres, I have previous experience by searching the support for some events that is why I feel free and confident while asking others to promote my plans. This time I had asked some charities but unfortunately I have not got any help from them. First of all, I think I had to call them straight away and reject sending emails and waiting for answers, second , I think I had to let them know more about my action, about our campaign, purpose and all details so as to make them interesting enough to support us. Finally, if I would be able to have enough force to influence others I would have asked other my group members to help me and to pay more attention on our campaign because I felt too weak to take this huge part alone. Anyway, at the end of March and beginning of April I was communicating with Community Fundraiser from British Red Cross. She replay to my email a bit too late than I was expected but it is always nice to let other communities know about my actions and attitude. I can be brave to say that I was that person in my group who was the most enthusiastic about campaign planning and actions. It was not difficult to take care and organize the event during which we were giving free apples, apple shaped stickers and leaflets with interesting information about fruit. In order to get apples each of us asked local shops to support us by giving some apples. I am living Hendon, so here I found many local shops where I am shopping almost every day and I visited them with my special request. First of all, while talking to the manager of the shop I let him know who I am and what I am doing, later I asked him to support our campaign and in the same way I made him sure that he is making big help not only for my group but also for some students who maybe will start thinking more about healthy life style. Some shops rejected my request but I did not give up and went ahead. Finally, I found one shop near to the Hendon Central Station which was very helpful and polite. People who are working there wished me luck and even know they look at me as at friendly shopper. 5. Supporting other campaigns Our group was working alone without any collaborate with other campaigns from our module. As we all got the topic food almost all campaigns were linked to healthy products. Some of them had chosen specifically one product (energy drink, junk food – hamburgers, etc. ) and they run campaigns in order to change people attitude and inform them how dangerous it is. Differently, we had not chosen any products – we looked into whole lifestyle which includes food, exercises and attitude. I really appreciate other people job, how they did their campaigns, how they had represented their ideas and what targets they had. Only one thing what I might to change could be the way how they did their events. Most of all campaigns were too silent, working only on social websites such as Facebook or Twitter, I would rather do it loudly in the centre of our university. References: Wiki, S08G1 â€Å"Healthy Living†, research 2012 [online], http://mcs1000campaigns. middlesex. wikispaces. net/ResearchS08G1 American Cancer Society, Learn about cancer 2011. [online], http://www. cancer. org/Cancer/CancerCauses/OtherCarcinogens/AtHome/aspartame The New York Times, The World is Fat 2012, [online], http://economix. blogs. nytimes. com/2010/09/23/the-world-is-fat/

When to Use GET and POST in Ajax

When to Use GET and POST in Ajax When you use Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) to access the server without reloading the web page, you have two choices on how to pass the information for the request to the server: GET or POST. These are the same two options that you have when passing requests to the server to load a new page, but with two differences. The first is that you are only requesting a small piece of information instead of an entire web page. The second and most noticeable difference is that since the Ajax request doesnt appear in the address bar, your visitors wont notice a difference when the request is made. Calls made using GET will not expose the fields and their values anywhere that using POST does not also expose when the call is made from Ajax. What You Should Not Do So, how should we make the choice as to which of these two alternatives should be used? A mistake that some beginners might make is to use GET for most of their calls simply because it is the easier of the two to code. The most noticeable difference between GET and POST calls in Ajax is that GET calls still have the same limit on the amount of data that can be passed as when requesting a new page load. The only difference is that because youre only processing a small amount of data with an Ajax request (or at least thats how you should use it), you are far less likely to run into this length limit from within Ajax like you would with loading a complete web page. A beginner may reserve using POST requests for the few instances where they do need to pass more information that the GET method allows. The best solution when you have lots of data to pass like that is to make multiple Ajax calls passing a few pieces of information at a time. If you are going to pass huge amounts of data all in the one Ajax call, you would probably be better off simply reloading the entire page since there will be no significant difference in the processing time when huge amounts of data are involved. So, if the amount of data to be passed isnt a good reason for choosing between GET and POST, then what should we use to decide? These two methods were in fact set up for entirely different purposes, and the differences between how they work are in part due to the difference in what they are intended to be used for. This not only applies to using GET and POST from Ajax but really anywhere these methods might be employed. The Purpose of GET and POST GET is used as the name implies: to get information. its intended to be used when you are reading information. Browsers will cache the result from a GET request and if the same GET request is made again, they will display the cached result rather than re-running the entire request. This is not a flaw in the browser processing; its deliberately designed to work that way so as to make GET calls more efficient. A GET call is just retrieving the information; its not meant to change any information on the server, which is why requesting the data again should return the same results. The POST method is for posting or updating information on the server. This type of call is expected to change the data, which is why the results returned from two identical POST calls may very well be completely different from one another. The initial values before the second POST call will be different from the values before the first because the initial call will have updated at least some of those values. A POST call will therefore always obtain the response from the server rather than keep a cached copy of the prior response. How to Choose GET or POST Instead of choosing between GET and POST based on the amount of data you are passing in your Ajax call, you should choose based on what the Ajax call is actually doing. If the call is to retrieve data from the server, then use GET. If the value to be retrieved is expected to vary over time as a result of other processes updating it, add a current time parameter to what you are passing in your GET call so that the later calls will not use an earlier cached copy of the result that is no longer correct. Use POST if your call is going to write any data at all to the server. In fact, you should not only use this criterion for selecting between GET and POST for your Ajax calls but also for when selecting which should be used for processing forms on your web page.

Economic impacts of gambling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic impacts of gambling - Essay Example To address this issue, gambling agencies and brokers have moved outside of the United States in order to provide an online service, which does not have to respond to the particular legal issues of any one region of the country. With the help of these online gambling websites, the industry has become a major commercial industry, with nearly $335 billion dollars in annual revenue (Leaders). Clearly, there is an economic effect of gambling within the United States; however, the nature and value of this effect is worth consideration. According to Williams, Rehm and Stevens (2011), the research literature examining the effects of gambling on the economy is rich, with over 492 studies addressing the issue alone. Part of this large-scale interest in gambling by economists and other social scientists has to do with the policy decisions that come about constant debate about the worth of casinos and other gambling institutions. While most of these studies are not empirical and look only at the relationship between certain factors like problem gambling and gambling institution proximity, many of these studies do in fact examine the economic issues that arise when a gambling institution is established in a certain locale. ... Gambling tends to benefit government revenue because governments tend to tax casinos more due to the nature of their business and for the fact that profit margins of gambling institutions tend to be higher than any other industry (Leaders). Governments may also benefit from gambling in the sense that they are service provider, such as the case is with lotteries. The profit from these systems is often put into a program or service that receives public support. In Europe, gambling monopolies are held by the government and not private enterprise (Meyer-Arendt and Hartmann). Accordingly, there seems to be a consistency in the results of empirical studies finding that gambling institutions tend to increase the profits of the government at the same time it leads to profits for the industry. Because governments use these profits from gambling, they provide additional public services that would not have been affordable from taxes alone. Governments, as one of the primary beneficiaries, eithe r utilize the public services argument or earmark certain laws in order to maximize their own profit. Thus, gambling can have wide ranges of effects in terms of what the government believes is possible for their public services based on the profits extracted from the gambling industry (Anders). On the other side of the coin, governments may decide to lower taxes instead of providing these public services, which will affect businesses and residents within the jurisdiction of that government (Rankine and Haigh). Any policy related to taxes will eventually affect individual decision-making and incentives. Based on the share of the profits that governments collect from gambling, which can be quite substantial, this effect on taxes

Negotiations - Hypothetical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Negotiations - Hypothetical Analysis - Essay Example Jonathan Brown, and he therefore, is not interested in joining issues with him publicly. He desires that the deliberations be kept absolutely confidential. The hiring policy as envisaged and implemented by Mr. Brown is ideal as per his philosophy but he is out of step with the demands of the time. Mr. Brown’s convictions are right according to him, he has given a sterling medical institution to the public, he is taking care of his staff well, he has no trade union problems, the salaries and perquisites which his staff is paid is significantly higher than what is prevalent in the industry, he treats the staff very well and they adore him as a noble person, and the single point agenda of the Mayor of Boston is proportional representation of the female doctors in the hiring committee. 2. What kind of negotiator is on the other side? The negotiator on the other side is a politician, the Mayor of the city of Boston. Building one’s own power castle is the primary agenda of a politician, there could be rarest of the rare exceptions. By showing his concern for empowering women, he is playing to the gallery. The women employees of the hospital are happy with the administration of Mr. Brown and they are treated very well and get one of the best pay packets in the industry. The negotiator must be having some political compulsions and his desire to discuss the issue with Mr. Brown in confidence indicates that his intentions are not totally insincere. He feels that it is a policy issue and as the Mayor of the city, it is his duty to set right the things. 3. What are your interests? My interests are simple and straightforward. I have been pursuing this policy successfully for the past 35 years. I have no grudge against the womenfolk, absolutely nothing! What I pursue is the principles of the science of ergonomics—finding proper individuals for the proper assignments. I am convinced that women make good nurses, temperamentally they are suitable for that p ost, and I also believe that they make good doctors as well. But there are realistic problems in summoning them to the hospitals in case of emergencies, as women have the primary responsibilities at home. In the overall scheme of administration as envisaged by me, I do not intend to offer them the position of doctors. 4. What are your counterpart’s interests? His concern for the welfare and rights of women seems to be superficial in the present case. He is just counting his votes, and by raising a women-related issue, he is appealing to their emotions with the ultimate aim of converting the sympathy wave into votes. He is visualizing a formidable vote-bank in women and he is planning to turn the tide in his favor. But he is also aware of raking the issues against a reputed hospital, where the presence of the women in the hiring committee is about 16%. (male11, female 2) 5. Who will prepare the agenda and what will the agenda cover? Both the parties to the discussion are seize d about the issue. It seems to be just a one point agenda. A formal agenda has not been circulated either from the side of Mr. Brown or from the side of the Mayor. The discussions will be of a confidential nature, as desired by the Mayor. This shows that the Mayor has some reservations in the back of his mind, and therefore he is insisting for a one to one

Learning Journal Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning Journal Summary - Assignment Example The main concepts learnt pertains the process of making goals achievable and measurable. Goals keep on pushing us to achieve something, failure to which we lack the direction that we should be taking. I learnt that when setting goals they have to be specific; this helps in narrowing down to a particular goal that one wants to achieve. To make this to be clearly appreciated in the classroom setup we clearly defined our learning objectives. After going through the teachings on setting goals, it became absolutely clear that writing down the goals is not enough in helping us achieve our goals. The specificity of the goal has to be defined based on the specific interventions that can be done in order to ensure that the goal is achieved. In addition, the measure of the goal has to be there in order to monitor progress. I also learnt that the goals set should be evaluated from time to time; the individual or system of evaluation has to be defined. For the successful implementation of the la id down goals, a strategy is necessary in order to achieve them. The strategy acts as the road map that directs the actions of the goal. In order to gain hand-on skills, I participated in the group work deliverable, in which case, I engaged in developing strategies and actions that facilitated an understanding of the topic addressed in the group work. Through the processing of setting up goals in real-life, I was able to meet the challenges that come with establishing and implementing goals. In addition, the learning goal setting provided an opportunity for me to develop self-awareness especially on how I ought to approach goals and the most appropriate strategy of implementing them. The table below shows some of the goals that I set and will use the lessons learnt in this module to successfully implement them. They are achievable, specific, measurable, realistic, and fall within set periods: The second class provided an opportunity to learn more on presentation skills. I have

Event planning: The Southeast Asian Games

Event planning: The Southeast Asian Games Introduction to event The 2015 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 28th Southeast Asian Games or 28th Sea Games is a multi-sport event hosted by the city-state of Singapore. Sea games is held once in two years since 1959 and the first time is held in Thailand, Bangkok. The games are under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia. The games are participated by 11 countries which are Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Brunei and Laos (28th SEA Games, 2015). Singapore is the fourth time has hosted Southeast Asian Games since 1993, after a 22-year long hiatus. The 28th Southeast Asian Games was held from 5th June 2015 until 16th June 2015 at the Singapore Sports Hub as main sporting location. The SEA Games was conceived as an expedient to avail forge vigorous regional cooperation, understanding and unity within the South East Asian community. It was established to be a bi-annual multi-sports event to take place between the years when the Olympic Games and the Asian Games were held. In addition to that, about 7000 athletes from 11 participating nations with 36 sports and 402 events will feature in the 28th Southeast Asian Games Singapore 2015. In 2011 during the 26th Southeast Asian Games, held in Indonesian cities Palembang and Jakarta, as the host of the 28th Southeast Asian Games of 2015, Singapore has been nominated to host the event in 2007 and 2013 before, but turned down both opportunities referring to costs connected with the construction of the new Singapore Sports Hub. The 28th SEA Games will show the people of the Southeast Asia that success ultimately comes to ordinary people with extraordinary dreams. It’s not about having a champion, but inspiring the champion that is inside each of us. Stakeholder of the event People and organisations with a legitimate interest in the outcomes of an event are known as stakeholders. The successful event manager must be able to identify the range of stakeholders in an event and manage their individual needs, which will sometimes overlap and conflict (Johnny et al, 2007). As with event impacts, the event will be judged by its success in balancing the competing needs, expectations and interests of a diverse range of stakeholders. When asked the question ‘what makes an event successful’, there are now numerous shareholders that are key components of modern major events that are looking at a whole range of different measures of success. Thus, the stakeholders that I have chosen for discussion of the event impacts are the government and the sponsorship. The first stakeholders that I have chosen is the organizer of the 28th Southeast Asian Games, which is the Singapore Sports Council (SSC) as it relates to stakeholders of government of Singapore. The Singapore Sports Council (SSC) is the national sports agency responsible for engendering access, opportunities and capabilities for individuals to live better through sports. Through Vision 2030, Singapore Sports Council seeks to employ sports as a national strategy to stimulate positive, deeply embedded values for Singaporeans and Singapore. Singapore Sports Council was founded in 1973, through the merger of the National Sports Promotion Board (NSPB) and the National Stadium Corporation (NSC). It engenders opportunities for people to excel in sports; opportunities for people to be engaged in sports as, coaches, officials, volunteers or fans and opportunities for people to do business in sports as sponsors and investors. Singapore is a sovereign republic, with a legal system based on the English common law. The Constitution lays down the fundamental principles and basic framework for the three organs of state, namely, the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The Executive comprises the Cabinet, which is responsible for the general direction of the Government and accountable to Parliament. The Legislature comprises the Parliament and is the legislative authority responsible for enacting legislation. More information on the history of Parliament, Parliament House and activities of the House can be obtained from its website. The Judiciarys function is to independently administer justice. The Judiciary is safeguarded by the Constitution. The Prime Minister of Singapore is appointed by the President of Singapore under Article 25 of the Constitution. The President, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, also appoints other Ministers from among the Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government. He chairs the Cabinet, which is the central decision-making body of the executive government. It is an organ of state and central to Singapores system of government. Click for more information on the Cabinet appointments. In order to attract sponsorships, event managers must offer tangible benefits to sponsors, and effective programs to deliver them. Large corporations such as Coca-Cola, 100 Plus and Telstra receive hundreds of sponsorship applications each week, and only consider those events that have a close fit with corporate objectives and a demonstrable ability to deliver benefits. For the event, sponsorship is therefore much more than a means of boosting revenues, but must also meet the needs and objectives of its sponsors (William et al, 2007). Therefore, the second stakeholders that I have chosen is the main sponsor of 28th Southeast Asian Games, which is the NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation. NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd was founded by the labour movement in 1973, with a social mission to moderate the cost of living in Singapore. From one supermarket, it has grown to become Singapore’s largest retailer serving about 430,000 shoppers daily, with a network of over 120 outlets, comprising FairPrice supermarkets, FairPrice Finest and FairPriceXtra. Its convenience stores, FairPrice Xpress and Cheers, has a network spanning over 160 convenience stores island wide and serves over 100,000 customers daily. NTUC FairPrice also owns a Fresh Food Distribution Centre and a centralised warehousing and distribution company. Today, with its multiple retail formats serving the varied needs and interests of people from all walks of life, NTUC FairPrice has kept pace with the changing needs of its customers while remaining committed to its social mission and its aspiration to be Singapore’s leading world-class retailer with a heart. Guided by the philosophy to do well in order to do good for the community, NTUC FairPrice set up the FairPrice Foundation in 2008 to focus its giving efforts to provide a better life for the community. FairPrice Foundation focuses its giving on three strategic thrusts – the poor and needy, nation building and community bonding, and advancing workers’ welfare. FairPrice has since donated $76 million to the Foundation to further these three areas of focus. Political benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder Based on the details above, political benefits towards NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation is increase international prestige. In Singapore, NTUC FairPrice’s sponsorship of 28th Sea Games gave it the benefits of getting its brand name quickly recognised in the Singapore market. It is important for event managers to identify exactly what NTUC FairPrice want from 28th Sea Games and what the 28th Sea Games can deliver for them. They may be seeking mechanisms to drive sales, or want to strengthen client relationships through 28th Sea Games to increase their international prestige and to attract more new customer. Besides, political benefits towards NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation and the government of Singapore is promoting social cohesion. The sponsorship will include SGD $2 million cash from FairPrice Foundation and SGD $3 million value in kind from NTUC FairPrice to the 28th Sea Games in support of the region’s most prestigious multisport event. This is the largest donation FairPrice and FairPrice Foundation have made to a sporting event to date. This is an ideal partnership for the organizer of 28th SEA Games which are Singapore Sports Council (SSC) as NTUC FairPrice has a strong relationship with the community. As part of FairPrice Foundation’s aim to create a better life for the community, the Foundation supports major activities and social community projects that cater to Singaporeans at large, to foster closer relationships among the community. Economic benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder A primary concern of an event entrepreneur or host organisation is whether an event is within budget and, hopefully, results in a surplus or profit. This is a simple matter of whether the income from sponsorship, merchandise and ticket sales exceeds the costs of conducting and marketing the event. However, from the perspectives of the host communities and governments, a wider range of economic impacts is often of equal or greater significance. Therefore, economic benefits towards government are business opportunities and employment creation. Events can provide their host communities with a strong platform for showcasing their expertise, hosting potential investors and promoting new business opportunities. During the 28th SEA Games, the government of Singapore spent Environmental benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder A major event may require an environmental impact assessment before council permission is granted for it to proceed. Even if a formal study is not required, the event manager should carefully consider the likely impact of the event on the environment. This impact will be fairly contained if the event is to be held in a suitable purpose-built venue, for example, a stadium, sportsground, showground or entertainment centre, but may be much greater if the event is to be held in a public space not ordinarily reserved for events such as a park, town square or street. Crowd movement and control, noise levels, access and parking will often be important considerations. Therefore, environmental benefits towards government is increased environmental awareness and urban transformation and renewal. Firstly, environmental benefits towards government is increased environmental awareness. Governments of Singapore in 28th Sea Games, are increasingly using public education and legislation to promote the recycling of waste materials and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. 28th Sea Games are targeted as opportunities to demonstrate best practice models in waste management and to change public attitudes and habits. Incorporating a waste management plan into the overall event plan has become increasingly good policy. Audience of the 28th Sea Games expectations and the health of the environment require that events demonstrate good waste management principles and provide models for recycling. The waste-wise event manager (government) will reap not only economic benefits, but also the approval of an increasing environmentally aware public. Secondly, environmental benefits towards government is urban transformation and renewal. In the staging of large events in Singapore such as this 28th Sea Games, the provision of infrastructure is often a costly budget component, but this expenditure usually results in an improved environment and facilities for Singapore, and provides a strong incentive for Singapore to act as host. The government of Singapore has been constructed the original stadium to a new sport complex, which is the Singapore Sports Hub and it will be Singapores premier land and sea sports, entertainment and lifestyle destination. The Singapore Sports Hub is a state-of-the-art, fully integrated sports, entertainment and lifestyle hub that will allow everyone in Singapore to watch, play and support sports and entertainment. Featuring a unique cluster development of integrated world-class sports facilities within the city, it will not only spur the development of the sports industry, excellence and participation, but also take sports to the next level in Singapore. Other Related Information Reference List 28th SEA Games. Available from: https://www.seagames2015.com > NTUC FairPrice. Available from: www.fairprice.com.sg > Government Singapore. Available from: www.fairprice.com.sg > Johnny Allen, William O’Toole, Robert Harris, Ian McDonnell, 2007. Festival Special Event Management, Irwin, Sydney. Jonathan Wong, 2015. Singapore SEA Games Budget. Available from: http://www.gov.sg/government/web/content/61466480471bdd139c90dc5660466bae/20150129_ST_SporesSEAGamesbudget3245m.pdf?MOD=AJPERESuseDefaultText=0useDefaultDesc=0> Gene Deletion Strategy: Identify Function of Non-Coding RNA Gene Deletion Strategy: Identify Function of Non-Coding RNA Molecular Biology mainly Non coding RNA Project Contents (Jump to) Non coding RNA Small Nuclear RNA genes Materials and Methods Media YPD and YPD+G418 plates Strain confirmation References A Gene Deletion Strategy to Identify the Function of Non-Coding RNA in the Eukaryotic Genome, Using the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abstract The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key model organism for investigating cellular processes. While it is important to determine the role protein-coding genes play in biological, it is now clear that RNA also plays an important role in these cellular processes. Deletion cassettes were constructed successfully by a PCR based strategy for 12 ncRNAs, which are snR19, snR20, snR14, snR6, snR7, TLC1, SCR1, NME1, RPR1, RUF20, RUF21, and RUF22. Deletions cassettes were transformed into the diploid reference strain BY4743 and the ncRNA gene replaced with the KanMX marker byhomologous recombination. Heterozygous deletion strains were confirmed for each of the 12 genes by extensive PCR analysis and showed positive results for the insertion of the cassette. Following sporulation and tetrad dissection to segregate haploid spores and growth on different selective media, 10 of the 12 ncRNAs were shown to be essential for cell survival by producing 2 viable spores. These include snR19, snR20, sn R14, snR6, snR7, TLC1, SCR1, NME1, RPR1 and RUF20.However, RUF21 and RUF 22 produced four viable haploid spores indicating that these are non-essential genes for the cell.This resource will now enable the role of ncRNAs in cellular processes to be determined, by growth of these deletion strains in a range of different conditions and in different genetic backgrounds. Non coding RNA The term non-coding RNA (ncrna) is usually utilized for RNA that does not encode a protein, however this does not imply that such Rnas dont contain data nor have capacity. In spite of the fact that it has been by and large accepted that most hereditary data is transacted by proteins, late proof proposes that most of the genomes of vertebrates and other complex life forms is indeed translated into ncrnas, a considerable lot of which are alternatively joined and/or transformed into more diminutive items. These ncrnas incorporate micrornas and snornas (numerous if not a large portion of which stay to be distinguished), and likely different classes of yet-to-be-found little administrative Rnas, and a huge number of longer transcripts (counting complex examples of intertwining and covering sense and antisense transcripts), the vast majority of whose capacities are obscure. These Rnas (counting those inferred from introns) seem to embody a shrouded layer of internal signs that control diff erent levels of quality articulation in physiology and advancement, including chromatin structural engineering/epigenetic memory, translation, RNA grafting, altering, interpretation and turnover. RNA administrative systems may focus a large portion of our complex attributes, assume a critical part in ailment and constitute an unexplored universe of hereditary variety both inside and between species. (Mattick JS, 2006) In this project, the functionality of the following non-coding RNA genes in S.cerevisiae will be determined. The non-coding RNA genes mentioned in this study have significant importance in the yeast genome and the determination of functionality of these genes will unveil their exact contribution to eukaryotic cellular function. Non coding RNA genes are those that are transcribed but not translated. They code for either long (>200) or short (200et al., 2012). The highly abundant short non coding RNA genes have been well characterized and are known to play an important role in various cellular functions such as transcriptional regulation, translation regulation, RNA editing etc. Both long and short non coding RNAs are mostly transcribed by RNA polymerase II. However, some species of non coding RNAs are also transcribed by RNA pol III and I. Small Nuclear RNA genes The review article by Guthrie explains the steps that were undertaken to identify the snRNAs associated with the spliceosome (Guthrie and Patterson, 1988) and work carried out by the same group revealed that many of the ‘U-RNAs’ were encoded by single-copy genes, such as U5 which is encoded by snR7 (Riedel et al., 1986). ‘U’ in RNA stand for Uracil, each nucleotide in RNA encloses a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1 throughout 5. A base is appended to the 1 position, all in all, cytosine (C), adenine (A), uracil (U), or guanine (G). Cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines, Adenine and guanine are purines. Materials and Methods Media YPD and YPD+G418 plates YPD media were made from 2% D-glucose, 1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto-peptone. YPD plates were prepared by adding 2% agar to the YPD media. Agar (2%) and G418 Geneticin (200Â µg/ml) was supplement in the YPD media for the preparation YPD+G418 plates. The recepie for YPD+G418 plates is: Bacto Peptone Difco 10g Bacto Yeast Extract Difco 10g Glucose 20g Bacto Agar (if plates) 20g Distilled water qsp 1L Autoclave at 0,5bar After autoclavage let cool down until 55Â °C Add G418 to have a final concentration of 200mg/L (1 mL of 200mg/mL G418 in 1L of YPD) (Genetics of Intra Specie Variations) Identification of mating types and cross mating Using 96 well plate, colonies of G418 resistance spores, which have been isolated from replica platting method, were inoculated in 100ul of YPD and 7ulof DMSO and incubated overnight at 30Â °C. This stock can be stored at -20Â °C. The RT2 a strain and RT3 ÃŽ ± strain were allowed to grow in 5ml YPD culture overnight at 30Â °C. Following that two separated 96 well plates were used by filling each well with 10Â µl of the RT2 a strain or RT3 ÃŽ ± strain separately. Then 10Â µl of the tested samples were added each well of the known strains. These were then incubated overnight at 30oC. Following incubation, metal frogger was used to replica plate the crosses onto deficiency plates without leucine and tryptophan. The incubation period was allowed until the colonies were able to be obtained on the deficient media. For crossing, 2ul of the stock spores were pipetted on to deficiency plates without methionine and deficient plates without lysine. This was incubated at 30Â °C until the growth was determined. When all data of the deficiency plates and mating types was known, cross spores of opposite mating type and one defficiency was done by adding 10ul of each mating stock culture into an eppendrof tube and incubated overnight at 30Â °C. Strain confirmation To confirm that the picked cells were haploid spores and that the cells were originally BY4743 yeast, all dissected spores were grown on different SD media. RUF22 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + + + 1B + 1C 1D + + 2A + + + 2B + + 2C 2D + 3A + + 3B + 3C + 3D + + 4A + + 4B 4C + + 4D + + 5A + 5B + 5C + 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C + 6D + 7A + 7B + 7C + + 7D + + Table 2: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for RUF22 gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. RUF21 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + 1B + 1C + + 1D + + 2A + 2B + + 2C + + 2D + 3A + + 3B + 3C + 3D + + 4A + + 4B + + 4C + + 4D 5A + 5B + + 5C 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C + 6D + Table 3: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for RUF21 gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. TLC1 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + + 1B + + 1C 1D + + 2A + + 2B + + + 2C 2D + 3A + + + 3B + 3C + 3D + 4A + + 4B + 4C + 4D + + 5A 5B + + 5C + 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C 6D + + 7A 7B 7C + + + 7D + + + Table 4: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for TL gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. The data in Tables 2 and 3 shows the results of the dissected RUF22 and RUF21 spores after being given the required time to grow. It was found that there was no growth in the SD(-URA), SD(-HIS) and SD(-LEU) plates indicating that they were BY4743-derived tetrads. Moreover, the growth of the spores observed in the YPD+G418, SD(-MET) and SD(-LYS) in the case of RUF22 and RUF21 deleted strains indicating that these cells derived from tetrads and were haploid knockouts. References Genetics of Intra Specie Variations. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LBMC/gisv/index.php/en/protocols/yeast-methods/72-yeast-media-recipes Mattick JS, M. I. (2006, April 15). Pub Med. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651366

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